NMR Spectroscopy

1. Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H NMR)

   Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical tool for quantifying the purity and concentration of chemical compounds. It works by exploiting the magnetic properties of hydrogen nuclei in a molecule when placed in an external magnetic field. The technique provides detailed information about the molecular structure, chemical environment, and relative abundance of protons within a compound. In quantitative NMR (qNMR), the integral of an NMR signal is directly proportional to the number of nuclei contributing to that signal, allowing for precise quantification of compounds in a mixture.

2. Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹³C NMR)

   Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C NMR) spectroscopy is another essential technique for structural elucidation and quantification. It focuses on the magnetic properties of carbon-13 nuclei, providing insights into the carbon framework of a molecule. ¹³C NMR is particularly useful for identifying functional groups, determining molecular symmetry, and analyzing complex mixtures.

3. Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence (HSQC)

   Heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) spectroscopy is a two-dimensional NMR technique that correlates proton and carbon-13 nuclei through one-bond couplings. This method is invaluable for assigning proton and carbon signals in complex molecules, enabling detailed structural analysis and aiding in the identification of unknown compounds.