pH Measurements

pH is a fundamental measurement in various scientific and industrial applications, determined using specialized instruments. A pH meter measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution by detecting the activity of hydrogen ions. It consists of a glass electrode sensitive to hydrogen ions and a reference electrode, which together generate an electrical potential proportional to the solution's pH. Calibration with standard buffer solutions is essential for accurate readings, as pH is expressed on a logarithmic scale ranging from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic) with neutrality at 7.